While any improvements and upgrades to the rail system are out of our hands, there are steps we can take to mitigate the effects of air pollution on the underground.

“To reduce the impact of pollution when using the Tube, individuals can take several steps,” advises Budd. “Wearing masks, particularly those that filter fine particles (eg N95 masks), can reduce inhalation of harmful particles. If you’re able to do so, minimise travel during peak hours when the air quality tends to be worse due to higher train frequency and passenger density. Additionally, increasing ventilation within carriages and stations, though largely out of individual control, can significantly improve air quality.”

And if you’re really inspired to help make a change, consider using your voice to advocate for better maintenance and modernisation of the system.

“Public awareness and pressure may prompt authorities to implement more rigorous air quality monitoring and take necessary actions to reduce pollution,” says Budd. “This includes upgrading trains to newer models with better braking systems that produce less particulate matter and improving ventilation systems.”

Is air pollution on the Tube something we should be worried about?