Eczema, atopic dermatitis or the seemingly never-ending itch that you can’t seem to scratch: whatever you call it, chances are you’ve tried more ways than one to get it under control. But like most skin conditions, each case of eczema displays unique symptoms, so you’re unlikely to find relief in a one-size-fits-all approach.

Understanding the type of eczema you are experiencing and identifying your triggers will allow you to tailor a treatment plan to suit your skin. We spoke with skin expert Dr Ifeoma Ejikeme, founder of Adonia Medical Clinic, to gain a deeper understanding of the condition.

From the type of eczema you are experiencing to identifying the culprits worsening your condition and common mistakes to avoid, here is a comprehensive guide to help you get your eczema under control. 

“Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation, itching and redness,” explains Dr Ejikeme. “It can affect people of all ages but is more common in children.”

This can present itself on both the face and body as dry, scaly patches that may become thickened or develop blisters. 

The exact cause of eczema remains unknown, but Dr Ejikeme explains that “it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies are more likely to develop it.” 

Eczema can present itself in many different ways, so determining the form you’re experiencing could bring you one step closer to managing your symptoms. The best way to find out would be to speak with your GP or dermatologist but as a rough guide, Dr Ejikeme characterises the types of eczema below:

Atopic dermatitis: “This is the most common type of eczema. It usually starts in childhood and is characterised by itching, dry skin, redness and rashes that commonly appear on the face, elbows and knees.”

Contact dermatitis: “This type is triggered by contact with irritants or allergens. Symptoms include redness, itching and rash in the area where the skin came into contact with the irritant.”

Nummular eczema: “This type presents as coin-shaped patches of irritated skin, often on the arms, legs or buttocks. The patches can be scaly, crusted and very itchy.”

Dyshidrotic eczema: “This type is characterised by small, itchy blisters that develop on the hands and feet. The blisters can be painful and may lead to skin thickening.”

Seborrheic Dermatitis: “Commonly known as ‘cradle cap’ in infants, this type can also affect adults. It leads to scaly, greasy patches on the scalp, face and other areas rich in sebaceous glands.”

As mentioned, the main cause of eczema is unknown. But if a change in seasons prompts anxieties of an eczema flare-up, you’re not alone. Dr Ejikeme confirms that “eczema symptoms can be influenced by various factors, including seasonal changes”. 

She notes that many people with eczema may find symptoms worsen during certain times of the year, especially in winter when drier air leads to increased skin dryness. Although some people might find this improves during summer, she explains that “others may see worsening of symptoms due to sweating and exposure to pollen, which can trigger allergies”.

Dr Ejikeme says other lesser-known culprits can also trigger flare-ups on eczema-prone skin and worsen symptoms. These include:

• Harsh chemicals that are likely to be found in soaps and detergents
• Allergens such as pollen, pet dander, dust mites and mould
• Scratching the affected area, which can further damage the skin’s barrier
• Emotional stress and anxiety
• Hot water stripping the skin of its natural oils
• Excessive sweating, particularly if the sweat is allowed to dry on the skin
• Contact with rough or scratchy fabrics like wool 

Recognising your triggers and taking action to avoid them can help to relieve your symptoms and avoid flare-ups.

From skincare ingredients to medical treatments, Dr Ejikeme tells Stylist how to manage flare-ups and control your symptoms.

Make some additions to your skincare routine

Dr Ejikeme advises cleansing with mild, fragrance-free cleansers that won’t strip the skin of its natural oils (and avoid using hot water in the process, as it can worsen dryness). She recommends including a thick, fragrance-free moisturiser in your routine multiple times a day, especially after cleansing. 

Pick products with these skincare ingredients

• Ceramides: “These lipids help repair the skin barrier, locking in moisture and preventing irritants from entering the skin”
• Hyaluronic acid: “It’s a humectant that attracts and retains moisture, keeping the skin hydrated”
• Occlusive agents: “Ingredients like petrolatum, dimethicone and shea butter create a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss”
• Niacinamide: “This vitamin B3 derivative can help improve the skin barrier, reduce redness, and soothe inflammation”
• Glycerin: “Another effective humectant that draws moisture to the skin”
• Panthenol (pro-vitamin B5): “It helps retain moisture, soothe irritated skin, and promote healing”
• Shea butter: “A rich emollient that provides intense hydration and helps repair the skin barrier”
• Squalane: “A lightweight oil that mimics the skin’s natural sebum, providing hydration without stripping the skin”

Seek professional treatment

Talk to a professional to find out your treatment options, which could include:

• Prescription medications: “In severe cases, your doctor might prescribe oral medications like oral steroids or immunosuppressants”
• Topical corticosteroids: “For moderate to severe flare-ups, your doctor may prescribe these to help reduce inflammation and itching”
• Topical calcineurin inhibitors: “These are non-steroidal creams that help reduce inflammation”
• Antihistamines: “To help relieve symptoms of itching”
• Phototherapy: “Under medical supervision, controlled exposure to UV light can help manage eczema symptoms”

If identifying and avoiding your triggers can bring you one step closer to managing your symptoms, then ignoring them will likely set you back. Dr Ejikeme warns that exposing yourself to fabrics, allergens and irritants, allowing yourself to scratch aggressively, and neglecting stress management can all lead to frequent flare-ups.

Regarding skincare, it is important to avoid harsh cleansers or fragrances and ensure you do not skip out on moisturisers. If you are introducing a new product into your routine, be sure to patch test to see if your skin can tolerate it.

It is also essential to avoid overusing steroids or discontinuing any prescribed treatment too early. “Eczema treatment requires patience. Discontinuing treatment once symptoms improve can lead to relapses,” says Dr Ejikeme. She adds: “While topical corticosteroids are effective for managing eczema, using them excessively or for prolonged periods can lead to skin thinning.”

Last but not least, never skip SPF. “Sunburn can worsen eczema symptoms,” says Dr Ejikeme. “Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen to exposed areas of skin, even on cloudy days.” 

This article is part of Skin Freedom, a Stylist Love Women series that aims to champion the reality of women’s skin in all its glory.

Images: Getty; courtesy of brands